00:01:51 Did you have any early interest in science?
00:02:20 Why did you decide to go to medical school?
00:03:05 How did you become interested in kidney physiology?
00:08:12 That was in your hometown in Boston, so how did you happen to come to the NIH?
00:09:03 Why have you stayed at NIH so long after your postdoctoral fellowship there?
00:10:12 This was the laboratory of kidney and electrolyte metabolism that you first went to, what was it like when you arrived in the laboratory in 1957?
00:22:15 As a bright young scientist coming to the lab in 1957 what was your initial project?
*00:24:23 Okay, what happened next?
00:26:21 Why did you abandon the kidney slice preparation?
00:29:08 Well back in those days the cutting edge technique was considered to be micro function, did you consider doing micro function?
00:32:32 How did you learn to dissect these tubules?
00:37:06 How did you figure out how to perfuse the tubule? Sounds impossible.
00:41:03 You needed to collect the fluid, how did you achieve that?
00:42:15 And this Hoffman-Freygang Concentric Pipette Apparatus did you continue to use that?
00:45:34 What improvements were made subsequently to the apparatus?
00:50:13 A lot of your early studies were on ion transport which required electrical measurements how id you achieve those types of measurements?
00:56:40 There were hundreds or even thousands of papers published on this isolated procedure tubule technique which you invented. What do you regard as your most important discoveries that you�ve made?
01:07:13 Back in the early 80s you decided to set aside the perfused tubule technique and go onto other things; why did you decide to stop?
01:08:29 What prompted you to go in that direction?
01:13:40 Many of your studies have depend on having cell culture models of renal cells how did you get started with that?
01:16:47 Getting back in to the organic osmolytes, how did you use the cell culture to understand the regulation of organic osmolytes?
01:22:48 Tell us a little more about the damage the renal sodium chloride in high concentration cause in the cells.
01:28:02 So in general, looking back over the people that you have trained, they have all done extremely well in their careers after they left, what factors do you feel have allowed you to be so successful as a mentor?
01:31:28 So in retrospect then, looking back at all of these 40 some years in science, how do you feel bout your career in science?
* Follow up question doesn�t have a direction of its own