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Skeletal, Smooth & Cardiac Muscle
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Constructing Objectives |
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Skeletal
Muscle Structure and Mechanism of Contraction MU
2. Draw a myosin molecule and label the subunits (heavy chains, light
chains) and describe the function of the subunits. MU
3. Diagram the structure of the thick and thin myofilaments and label the
constituent proteins. MU
4. Describe the relationship of
the myosin-thick filament bare zone to the shape of the active length:force
relationship. MU
5. Diagram the chemical and mechanical steps in the cross-bridge cycle, and
explain how the cross-bridge cycle results in shortening of the muscle. Control
of Skeletal Muscle Contraction: Excitation-Contraction MU
7. Describe the roles of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation. MU
8. Draw the structure of the neuromuscular junction. MU
9. List in sequence the steps involved in neuromuscular transmission in
skeletal muscle and point out the location of each step on a diagram of the
neuromuscular junction. MU 10. Distinguish between an endplate potential and an action potential in skeletal muscle. MU
11. List the possible sites for blocking neuromuscular transmission in
skeletal muscle and provide an example of an agent that could cause blockage
at each site.
Mechanics
and Energetics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction MU
13. Distinguish between an isometric and isotonic contraction. MU
14. Distinguish between a twitch and a tetanus in skeletal muscle and
explain why a twitch is smaller in amplitude than a tetanus. MU
15. Draw the length versus force diagram for muscle and label the three
lines that represent passive (resting), active, and total force.
Describe the molecular origin of these forces. MU
16. Explain the interaction of
the length:force and the force:velocity relationships. MU
17. Draw force versus velocity relationships for two skeletal muscles of
equal maximum force generating capacity but of different maximum velocities
of shortening. MU
18. Using a diagram, relate the power output of skeletal muscle to its force
versus velocity relationship. MU
19 Describe the influence of skeletal muscle tendons on contractile
function. MU
20. List the energy sources of muscle contraction and rank the sources with
respect to their relative speed and capacity to supply ATP for contraction. MU
21. Define muscular fatigue. List
some intracellular factors that can cause fatigue. MU
22. Construct a table of structural, enzymatic, and functional features of
fast-glycolytic and slow-oxidative fiber types from skeletal muscle. MU
23. Describe the role of the myosin crossbridges acting in parallel to
determine active force and the rate of crossbridge recycling to determine
muscle speed of shortening and rate of ATP utilization during contraction. MU 24. Discuss the functional consequences of the parallel and series arrangement of myofibrils in a skeletal muscle. MU
25. Describe how the arrangement of a skeletal muscle to the skeleton can
influence mechanical performance of the muscle. MU 26. Define a motor unit and describe the order of recruitment of motor units during skeletal muscle contraction of varying strengths.
Smooth
Muscle MU
28. Compare and contrast the length versus force relationships in skeletal
and smooth muscle. Describe the functional implications of the differences
observed. MU
29. Compare and contrast the force versus velocity relationships in skeletal
and smooth muscle. Describe the primary cause for the observed differences
in velocity of shortening. MU
30. Explain why smooth muscles can develop and maintain force with a much
lower rate of ATP hydrolysis than skeletal muscle. MU
31. Distinguish between muscle relaxation from the contracted state and the
phenomenon of stress relaxation and give examples of each process. MU
32. Diagram the intracellular pathways that control contraction and
relaxation in smooth muscle. MU
33. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of multi-unit and unitary
smooth muscles.
Cardiac
Muscle MU
35. Diagram the relationship between the action potential and a twitch in
cardiac muscle and explain why this prevents a tetanic contraction. MU
36. Diagram the steps in the excitation-contraction coupling mechanism in
cardiac muscle and compare with skeletal muscle. MU
37. Diagram the length versus force curve for cardiac muscle and skeletal
muscle, showing the active and passive relationships, and indicate the range
over which each muscle type performs its physiological function. MU 38. Define contractility in cardiac muscle. On the length versus force diagram, indicate the pathway for an isotonic contraction of cardiac muscle and show how an increase in contractility changes the relationship between afterload and amount of shortening. MU 39. List some inotropic interventions that could change cardiac contractility.
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Skeletal
Muscle Structure and Mechanism of Contraction